Decision-Making Models for Managers

Decision-Making Models for Managers

Structured decision-making uses predefined frameworks to guide choices systematically, balancing data analysis with human judgment. For nonprofit managers operating online, this approach transforms ambiguity into actionable plans. Limited budgets, diverse stakeholder expectations, and public accountability demands require decisions that align mission impact with operational realities. Without clear processes, emotional biases or rushed judgments can derail objectives.

This resource explains how decision-making models address common nonprofit challenges. You’ll learn to apply tools like the Rational Decision-Making Model for data-driven choices, the Bounded Rationality Model for time-sensitive scenarios, and the Vroom-Yetton-Jago Model for team collaboration. Each method clarifies priorities, reduces group conflict, and increases transparency—critical when managing remote teams or digital campaigns. The guide also addresses pitfalls like analysis paralysis and mission drift, showing how structured frameworks maintain focus on measurable outcomes.

For online nonprofit management, these skills directly affect resource efficiency. Choosing the right model helps you allocate limited funds, evaluate program effectiveness, or respond to crises without sacrificing stakeholder trust. You’ll see how adapting models to virtual environments streamlines workflows—for example, using collaborative software to map options during strategic planning. Practical examples demonstrate balancing urgency with inclusivity, ensuring decisions reflect both team expertise and community needs. By the end, you’ll have a toolkit to replace guesswork with repeatable processes, strengthening your organization’s adaptability in dynamic digital contexts.

Foundations of Decision-Making in Nonprofits

Nonprofit decision-making operates under distinct conditions that shape how managers approach problems. You face mission-driven priorities, diverse stakeholder expectations, and constraints tied to funding or human capital. These factors create a decision environment where trade-offs between ideals and practical realities define daily operations. Your ability to balance these forces determines organizational impact.

Key Types of Managerial Decisions in Nonprofits

You’ll encounter five primary decision categories that demand different analytical frameworks:

1. Strategic vs. Operational Choices

   • Strategic decisions define long-term goals aligned with your mission, such as expanding services to new regions or adopting new technologies for remote program delivery
   • Operational decisions address immediate needs: allocating staff hours, approving budgets under $10K, or resolving volunteer scheduling conflicts

2. Resource Allocation Under Scarcity

   • Prioritize programs based on measurable impact per dollar spent
   • Decide between hiring full-time staff (higher commitment) vs. contractors (flexible costs)
   • Allocate restricted vs. unrestricted funds while maintaining donor trust

3. Stakeholder Engagement Strategies

   • Choose communication methods for donors (impact reports vs. emotional storytelling)
   • Balance board directives with frontline staff input during program changes
   • Address conflicts between community needs and grant requirements

4. Program Continuation or Termination

   • Use quantitative metrics (cost per beneficiary) and qualitative data (testimonials) to evaluate effectiveness
   • Decide whether underperforming programs merit improvement or should be replaced

5. Ethical and Values-Based Judgments

   • Reject funding sources conflicting with organizational values
   • Maintain service quality when demand exceeds capacity
   • Address internal equity issues in staff compensation

Common Barriers to Effective Choices in Resource-Limited Contexts

Limited resources amplify these six challenges in nonprofit decision processes:

Competing Priorities

• Donor restrictions may force you to fund low-impact programs
• Immediate community needs often conflict with long-term capacity-building investments

Data Scarcity

• Outcome measurement requires time and expertise many small nonprofits lack
• Historical data gaps make predictive modeling unreliable for new initiatives

Volunteer Dependency

• High turnover rates disrupt program consistency
• Skill mismatches between volunteer capabilities and organizational needs create quality control issues

Restricted Flexibility

• Multi-year grants lock you into specific service models even when community needs shift
• Public perceptions make it difficult to sunset legacy programs with emotional value

Decision Fatigue

• Repeated triage situations (e.g., choosing which clients to serve first) lower judgment quality over time
• Small teams handling multiple roles lack bandwidth for thorough analysis

Burnout Acceleration

• Emotionally charged decisions (e.g., reducing services during funding shortfalls) increase stress
• Constant justification of choices to stakeholders breeds defensive decision-making

To counter these barriers, build decision systems that:

• Automate routine choices through predefined criteria (e.g., client eligibility checklists)
• Standardize data collection processes for faster impact assessments
• Create board-approved ethical guidelines for recurring dilemmas
• Schedule quarterly reviews of ongoing programs using fixed evaluation metrics

Your decision framework must account for rapid adaptability without compromising mission integrity. This requires clear priority hierarchies approved by leadership, enabling frontline staff to make time-sensitive choices within defined boundaries.

Data-Driven Decision Strategies

Quantitative analysis transforms how nonprofits operate by replacing guesswork with evidence-based actions. This approach requires systematic data collection, clear visualization of metrics, and real-world application of insights. Below you’ll find actionable methods to integrate data into daily operations and strategic planning.

Implementing Data Collection Systems for Nonprofits

Start by identifying what data matters most to your mission. Common categories include donor demographics, program participation rates, fundraising campaign performance, and operational costs. Define specific goals for data collection, such as measuring volunteer retention or evaluating community impact.

Use these tools to build your system:

• CRM platforms like Salesforce or Bloomerang to track donor interactions and gift histories
• Survey tools like Google Forms or SurveyMonkey to gather stakeholder feedback
• Financial software like QuickBooks Nonprofit to monitor budgets and expenses
• Program management systems like Apricot Social Solutions to record service delivery metrics

Automate data entry where possible to reduce errors. For example, connect donation platforms to your CRM so gifts automatically update donor profiles. Establish a weekly review process to audit data quality and address gaps.

Train staff to input data consistently. Create standardized naming conventions for programs, events, and campaigns. For instance, label all youth education initiatives as “EDU-2024-Youth” across departments. This prevents confusion when analyzing results.

Tools for Visualizing Organizational Metrics (Smartsheet, Tableau)

Raw data becomes actionable when translated into visual formats. Use dashboards to track key performance indicators (KPIs) in real time.

Smartsheet works well for teams needing project management alongside data visualization. Features include:

• Customizable templates for grant reporting or event ROI tracking
• Gantt charts showing progress toward quarterly objectives
• Automated alerts when metrics fall below targets (e.g., monthly donations drop by 15%)

Tableau offers advanced analytics for nonprofits with large datasets. Use it to:

• Create interactive maps showing regional program impact
• Compare multi-year trends in fundraising revenue
• Generate donor segmentation models based on giving patterns

Both tools integrate with common nonprofit databases. Start with prebuilt templates to save time, then customize charts as your needs evolve. Share dashboards with board members during quarterly meetings to demonstrate transparency.

Case Study: 79% of Executives Report Improved Outcomes with Data-Driven Choices

A national literacy nonprofit increased donor retention by 22% within one year after adopting data-driven strategies. They implemented three changes:

1. Standardized data collection across 12 regional branches using a unified CRM
2. Created a donor lifetime value (LTV) model to prioritize high-potential supporters
3. Launched a monthly dashboard tracking program enrollment against grant requirements

The LTV model revealed that donors aged 35–50 contributed 63% of recurring gifts. This insight shifted their outreach strategy: they redesigned email campaigns to target this demographic, resulting in a 17% increase in monthly donors.

Program teams used enrollment data to reallocate resources. One branch with declining participation rates received additional staff training, leading to a 41% rise in registrations within six months. The organization now bases 90% of strategic decisions on quantitative evidence.

Next steps: Audit your current data practices. Identify one process to automate this quarter, such as syncing volunteer hours with impact reports. Choose one visualization tool to test with your team, focusing on a single KPI like donation conversion rates. Measure results over 60 days, then refine your approach based on outcomes.

Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Applications

MCDA provides a systematic method to compare options when you face multiple competing objectives. For nonprofit managers balancing limited resources with mission-critical goals, this approach eliminates guesswork by converting qualitative priorities into quantifiable metrics.

Setting Weighted Criteria for Program Evaluation

Start by defining 5-8 evaluation criteria that reflect your organization’s strategic goals. Common nonprofit criteria include:

• Community impact scale
• Alignment with donor priorities
• Operational cost
• Staff capacity requirements
• Long-term sustainability

Assign weights to each criterion using a 1-10 scale, where 10 represents maximum importance. Weights force clarity about what matters most. For example:
| Criterion | Weight |
|-----------|--------|
| Community impact | 9 |
| Donor alignment | 7 |
| Operational cost | 6 |

Create a scoring system to rate each program option against the criteria. A 1-5 scale works effectively:

• 1 = Fails to meet standard
• 3 = Partially meets standard
• 5 = Exceeds standard

Build a decision matrix to visualize comparisons. Multiply each program’s score by the criterion weight, then sum totals to rank options objectively. This method prevents overvaluing emotionally appealing projects that lack strategic fit.

Practical Example: Allocating Limited Funds Across Competing Initiatives

A literacy nonprofit has $120,000 to allocate across three programs:

1. Adult education workshops ($80,000 requested)
2. School textbook donations ($50,000 requested)
3. Teacher training program ($60,000 requested)

Step 1: Define evaluation criteria

• Immediate learner reach (Weight: 8)
• Cost per beneficiary (Weight: 7)
• Donor appeal for fundraising (Weight: 6)
• Program longevity (Weight: 5)

Step 2: Score each initiative
| Initiative / Criterion | Learner Reach | Cost/Beneficiary | Donor Appeal | Longevity |
|-------------------------|---------------|-------------------|--------------|-----------|
| Adult workshops | 4 | 3 | 2 | 2 |
| Textbook donations | 5 | 4 | 5 | 1 |
| Teacher training | 3 | 2 | 4 | 5 |

Step 3: Calculate weighted scores

• Adult workshops: (4×8) + (3×7) + (2×6) + (2×5) = 32 + 21 + 12 + 10 = 75
• Textbook donations: (5×8) + (4×7) + (5×6) + (1×5) = 40 + 28 + 30 + 5 = 103
• Teacher training: (3×8) + (2×7) + (4×6) + (5×5) = 24 + 14 + 24 + 25 = 87

Step 4: Allocate funds proportionally
Total weighted scores = 75 + 103 + 87 = 265

• Textbook donations receive 103/265 = 39% → $46,800
• Teacher training receives 87/265 = 33% → $39,600
• Adult workshops receive 75/265 = 28% → $33,600

Result: The textbook program gets full funding ($50,000 request reduced to $46,800), teacher training receives $39,600, and adult workshops get $33,600. This allocation maximizes immediate reach and donor appeal while reserving 28% of funds for lower-scoring but still valuable work.

Key adjustments for nonprofits:

• Add a “mission critical” veto criterion to automatically fund programs required by your charter
• Include volunteer time requirements as a cost factor
• Re-run the analysis with different weight sets to test sensitivity – what if donor appeal becomes 20% more important?
• Use the matrix to show stakeholders why certain programs received less funding, reducing internal conflicts

This method works for any resource allocation decision – staff time, event planning, or technology investments. It forces explicit discussions about priorities before money gets committed, creating defensible decisions aligned with organizational strategy.

Collaborative Decision Models for Remote Teams

Effective group decision-making in distributed organizations requires deliberate structures that overcome geographic barriers and information gaps. For nonprofit managers operating online, these models must balance inclusive participation with clear leadership direction while accounting for limited resources and diverse stakeholder groups.

Structured Brainstorming Methods for Virtual Teams

Virtual brainstorming succeeds when you create equal participation opportunities and minimize common pitfalls like dominant voices or vague ideas. Use these approaches:

Digital whiteboards like Miro or Jamboard allow simultaneous idea mapping. Start by defining the problem statement at the center, then ask participants to add sticky notes within a fixed time limit. Cluster similar ideas afterward using color coding or tags.

Anonymous idea submission reduces bias in early stages. Tools like Slido or Google Forms let contributors propose solutions without attribution. Share aggregated results before discussion to focus on content rather than personalities.

Timed rounds prevent endless debates. For example:

1. 5 minutes for silent individual brainstorming
2. 10 minutes for small-group discussions in breakout rooms
3. 15 minutes for whole-group prioritization using dot voting

Role-based techniques clarify contributions:

• Assign a “devil’s advocate” to challenge assumptions
• Designate a facilitator to keep conversations on track
• Rotate note-takers to ensure balanced documentation

Hybrid asynchronous-synchronous workflows accommodate time zones. Use shared documents for initial input, followed by live sessions to debate top options. Clearly state deadlines and decision milestones upfront.

Balancing Stakeholder Input with Executive Responsibility

Nonprofit leaders must reconcile diverse perspectives with timely decisions. Use these strategies to maintain momentum without alienating key groups:

Define decision ownership early. Before gathering input, specify:

• Who has final authority (board, ED, program lead)
• Which stakeholders provide advisory vs binding input
• How disagreements will be resolved

Weighted voting systems prioritize critical voices without excluding others. For example:

• Board members: 3 votes each
• Staff: 2 votes each
• Volunteers/community partners: 1 vote each

Pre-set evaluation criteria reduce subjective debates. Create a shared rubric scoring proposals against:

• Alignment with mission
• Resource requirements
• Impact metrics
• Implementation timeline

Staged feedback loops prevent bottlenecking. Structure input phases as:

1. Initial needs assessment (open to all)
2. Solution prototyping (core team only)
3. Final review (key decision-makers + affected parties)

Transparent rationale documentation maintains trust when overriding popular opinions. Publish a brief explaining:

• Which stakeholder concerns were incorporated
• Why certain suggestions weren’t adopted
• How dissenting views will be addressed in future cycles

Escalation protocols handle deadlocks. Establish clear rules like:

• If 70% consensus isn’t reached in two meetings, the CEO decides
• Budget-related disagreements trigger automatic board review
• Ethics concerns bypass normal channels for immediate audit

Remote decision-making in nonprofits thrives when you separate idea generation from evaluation, clarify authority structures, and systematically document rationales. Pair structured processes with technology that mirrors your team’s communication norms—whether that’s threaded discussions in Slack or formal proposals in Airtable. Balance speed with inclusion by defining which decisions require full consensus versus leadership discretion, and communicate these boundaries consistently across all levels.

Digital Tools for Nonprofit Decision Support

Nonprofits often operate with limited budgets and staff capacity, making efficient decision-making critical. Digital tools can streamline data analysis, scenario planning, and stakeholder communication without requiring significant financial investment. This section outlines practical software options and strategies to connect existing systems with decision processes.

Comparison of Low-Cost Decision-Making Platforms

Focus on platforms offering free tiers, nonprofit discounts, or scalable pricing. Prioritize tools that handle multiple functions—data visualization, collaborative planning, and outcome tracking—to minimize software sprawl.

1. Trello

   • Cost: Free for basic use; $10/month per user for advanced features
   • Best for: Visual project management and task prioritization
   • Key features: Drag-and-drop boards, deadline alerts, team assignment tags
   • Limitations: Lacks built-in data analytics

2. Airtable

   • Cost: Free up to 1,000 records; $20/month per user for nonprofits
   • Best for: Database-driven decision support (e.g., program impact tracking)
   • Key features: Customizable templates, cross-table filtering, automated reporting
   • Limitations: Steeper learning curve for non-technical users

3. Asana

   • Cost: Free for teams up to 15 members; nonprofit discounts available
   • Best for: Multi-departmental workflow coordination
   • Key features: Progress dashboards, resource allocation charts, dependency mapping
   • Limitations: Limited native integration with CRMs

4. Google Data Studio

   • Cost: Free with Google Workspace account
   • Best for: Real-time performance dashboards
   • Key features: Drag-and-drop report builder, live data connections, shareable links
   • Limitations: Requires manual data updates for non-Google sources

Evaluate platforms using these criteria:

• Total cost over 12-24 months (including training)
• Mobile accessibility for field staff
• Integration with existing donor management or accounting systems
• Availability of pre-built nonprofit templates

Integrating CRM Data with Decision Workflows

Your CRM contains donor histories, program participation rates, and funding patterns—data critical for strategic decisions. Follow these steps to connect this information to decision processes:

1. Export key CRM metrics

   • Identify 3-5 high-impact data points (e.g., donor retention rate, average gift size)
   • Schedule automatic exports to a central repository like Google Sheets or Airtable

2. Clean and standardize data

   • Remove duplicate entries
   • Format all dates and currency fields consistently
   • Flag incomplete records for follow-up

3. Link CRM data to decision frameworks

   • Use conditional formatting in spreadsheets to highlight trends
   • Set up alerts for threshold breaches (e.g., donations dropping below monthly targets)
   • Map donor engagement levels to program expansion decisions

Common CRM integrations:

• Salesforce Nonprofit Cloud: Automate board report generation using dashboard snapshots
• HubSpot CRM: Trigger email workflows when donor activity suggests high engagement
• Neon CRM: Sync volunteer hours with program impact assessments

Automation tools reduce manual work:

• Zapier: Connects CRMs to 5,000+ apps without coding
  
  • Example: Create Trello cards from new CRM donor entries
• Power Automate: Build approval workflows for budget adjustments

Avoid these pitfalls:

• Data silos caused by inconsistent naming conventions
• Overloading reports with non-essential metrics
• Failing to update CRM fields after policy changes

Practical next steps:

1. Audit existing CRM data quality monthly
2. Train staff on logging interactions promptly
3. Test one integration at a time (e.g., connect email marketing stats to program ROI analysis)

By aligning CRM insights with operational choices, you reduce guesswork in resource allocation and program design. Start with small-scale data experiments before expanding to organization-wide systems.

Practical Process for Implementing Decision Models

This section outlines a five-step method to apply decision-making frameworks directly to nonprofit challenges. Focus on aligning choices with organizational goals, resource constraints, and measurable outcomes. The process prioritizes adaptability for online nonprofits managing remote teams, digital tools, and donor relationships.

Step 1: Define Clear Decision Parameters and Success Metrics

Start by narrowing the scope of your decision. Ask three questions:

• What problem are you solving? (e.g., declining donor retention, inefficient volunteer coordination)
• What outcomes make this decision successful?
• What constraints exist? (budget, staff capacity, technology limitations)

For online nonprofits, metrics often include:

• Donor acquisition cost per channel (email, social media, webinars)
• Volunteer engagement rates in virtual platforms
• Program impact measured through digital surveys or analytics

Set numeric targets with timeframes:

• “Increase recurring online donations by 15% within six months”
• “Reduce volunteer onboarding time to 72 hours using a centralized portal”

Avoid vague goals like “improve outreach” or “boost efficiency.” Use tools like SMART criteria to ensure clarity. Document parameters in a shared digital workspace to align stakeholders.

Step 3: Conduct Scenario Analysis with Available Resources

Map potential outcomes based on your nonprofit’s current assets. For each scenario:

1. List required resources (staff hours, software licenses, partner collaborations)
2. Identify risks (donor attrition, data security gaps, platform downtime)
3. Rank options by feasibility and alignment with mission

Example: If expanding a virtual mentorship program, analyze:

• Can existing volunteers handle increased demand?
• Does your CRM system support tracking additional participants?
• What backup plans exist if video conferencing tools fail?

Use a simple scoring system:
| Scenario | Cost (1-5) | Impact (1-5) | Risk (1-5) |
|----------|-----------|--------------|------------|
| Launch in 2 regions | 3 | 4 | 2 |
| Delay until Q3 | 1 | 2 | 1 |

Involve cross-functional teams in this analysis. Remote teams can collaborate via shared documents or project management tools like Trello or Asana.

Step 5: Establish Feedback Loops for Continuous Improvement

Decisions in nonprofits require ongoing adjustment. Build mechanisms to:

• Track real-time data (donation dashboards, volunteer activity logs)
• Gather input from stakeholders (donors, beneficiaries, staff)
• Compare results against initial success metrics

Act on feedback immediately:

• If email campaign open rates drop below 20%, A/B test subject lines within 48 hours
• If remote staff report burnout, adjust workloads before turnover occurs

Automate data collection where possible:

• Set Google Analytics alerts for website traffic dips
• Use Zapier to notify managers when CRM donor interactions decline

Conduct quarterly reviews to refine decision processes. Ask:

• Which assumptions were incorrect?
• What tools or data gaps hindered progress?
• How can future decisions avoid these pitfalls?

Update your decision parameters and success metrics based on findings. Share revisions transparently with stakeholders to maintain trust.

This process creates repeatable decision-making habits. Prioritize simplicity—overly complex models fail in resource-limited nonprofits. Focus on incremental improvements driven by data and stakeholder input.

Evaluating Decision Outcomes in Nonprofit Contexts

Nonprofit managers must evaluate decisions through methods that capture both measurable results and human impact. You need systems that track numerical outcomes while staying responsive to stories, experiences, and community needs. This balance allows you to validate strategies objectively and remain adaptable when program realities shift.

Quantitative vs Qualitative Success Indicators

Quantitative indicators measure results numerically. These metrics answer questions like “How many?” or “How much?” Common examples include:

• Funds raised during a campaign
• Number of beneficiaries served monthly
• Percentage increase in volunteer participation
• Program cost per outcome achieved

Use quantitative data to identify trends, compare performance across periods, and meet reporting requirements for grants or stakeholders. For example, tracking donor retention rates over three years reveals whether engagement strategies work.

Qualitative indicators capture non-numerical information about program quality or impact. These answer questions like “How effective?” or “What changed?” Examples include:

• Participant testimonials about skill development
• Case studies showing improved community health
• Feedback from focus groups on service accessibility
• Partner organizations’ perceptions of collaboration

Qualitative data helps you understand why a program succeeds or fails. If a job-training initiative places 80% of graduates in roles (quantitative), interviews with employers (qualitative) might reveal that communication skills—not technical abilities—determine hiring decisions.

Combine both approaches to avoid skewed assessments. Relying solely on numbers might overlook unmet needs, while prioritizing stories alone could miss systemic inefficiencies. For instance, a food bank tracking meals distributed (quantitative) should also survey recipients about dietary preferences (qualitative) to assess nutritional relevance.

Use these practices to integrate data types:

1. Align indicators with program goals. If your mission focuses on reducing homelessness, measure housing placements (quantitative) and resident satisfaction with support services (qualitative).
2. Collect qualitative data systematically. Standardize interview questions or use consistent criteria for case study selection.
3. Triangulate findings. When volunteer numbers drop (quantitative), exit surveys (qualitative) might reveal scheduling conflicts as the root cause.

Adapting Models Based on Program Performance Data

Nonprofit strategies require adjustments when data shows misalignment between goals and outcomes. Follow this cycle:

1. Establish baseline metrics
Define starting points for all key indicators before launching a program. If improving literacy is your goal, record current reading levels and library usage rates. Baselines let you measure progress accurately.

2. Monitor real-time data
Use digital dashboards to track metrics like donation patterns, event attendance, or website engagement. Automated alerts notify you when values fall below thresholds—for example, a 15% decline in recurring gifts triggers a donor retention review.

3. Analyze performance gaps
Compare actual outcomes to targets. If a tutoring program aimed to boost math grades by 20% but only achieved 8%, investigate contributing factors:

• Were sessions frequent enough?
• Did tutors receive adequate training?
• Did students face external barriers like transportation?

4. Adjust decision-making models
Modify strategies based on findings. If data shows high turnover among volunteers, you might:

• Shorten shift lengths from four hours to two
• Offer flexible scheduling through a mobile app
• Provide monthly recognition awards

5. Communicate changes transparently
Share adjustments with stakeholders using evidence. Explain to donors: “Survey data showed 40% of beneficiaries couldn’t attend weekday workshops, so we’re adding Saturday sessions.”

Build adaptability into your decision-making process:

• Schedule quarterly reviews of all program data
• Train staff to interpret metrics and propose adjustments
• Allocate a budget reserve for mid-cycle strategy shifts

Nonprofits often face resource constraints, making rapid adaptation critical. A youth mentorship program might discover through attendance logs (quantitative) and mentor feedback (qualitative) that virtual sessions have higher engagement than in-person meetings. Shifting resources to expand online options becomes a data-driven decision rather than an arbitrary change.

Use technology to streamline adaptation:

• CRM platforms track donor interactions and service outcomes in one system
• Predictive analytics forecast future funding gaps based on historical trends
• Collaborative software lets teams update strategies in response to real-time data

Focus on changes that create measurable improvements without overextending capacity. If expanding a successful pilot program requires tripling your staff, consider phased scaling or partnerships instead. Every adjustment should align with your core mission while addressing the specific gaps identified through evaluation.

Key Takeaways

Here's what you need to remember about decision-making in nonprofit management:

• Use data-driven approaches to boost effectiveness by 79% in resource-constrained environments
• Apply MCDA (Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis) to transparently weigh competing priorities
• Involve distributed teams in collaborative decision processes to strengthen buy-in
• Implement structured five-step frameworks to minimize bias in high-stakes choices
• Adopt nonprofit-specific digital tools for affordable decision support
• Evaluate outcomes quarterly to adapt strategies and maintain relevance

Next steps: Start with one low-cost tool (like a prioritization matrix) paired with a weekly team check-in to align data with stakeholder perspectives.

Sources

• Quick Guide to Data-Driven Management | Smartsheet
• Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA/MCDM) - 1000minds